Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than what one might expect.
The country is searching for an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. These people formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon, paper making block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. At this time, the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and often required them to serve in the army or work on government projects such as building fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje towards the end of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and clashed against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a tenet. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and they must be respected and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of graves lined with stones, and adorned with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are also common throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by several states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern regions in Manchuria and the the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development including illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key factors that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey showed that almost one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to grasp. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was primarily focused on educating students and bringing Christ to them. A significant increase in interest in creation science began in 1980, with an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders and scientists.
The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The inauguration event was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, which reported on its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on the subject that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.
One example of one KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received support to build a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It also has local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new development paradigm. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Established by 에볼루션카지노 , prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and immigrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized government system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.